Applications For Mental Health Disorders - 1518 Words

Technology in Psychology: Applications for Mental Health Disorders Caroline G. Shriver Appalachian State University Introduction Our world is ever expanding into technology these days and while it can be hard for some to grasp – the overriding benefits that come from embracing technology out weigh the changes that must be made for those less inclined to become â€Å"tech- savvy†. As a psychology major, I have had to work with different computer programs in my research studies and I know how vital technology can be for those not only studying psychology but for those that seek help from therapists. After thorough investigation, I have come across multiple applications that are available on mobile devices which serve to help the population with handling various mental disorders. Literature Review In 2009, Optimism was created to allow users to have a record of their daily activities which the system would take and show the user how those events affected one’s state of mind. They believed that by letting one see how different patterns in your life impact oneself, the negative parts could be identified and then taken out to improve one’s overall sense of self (Nemko 2015). The app includes charts that are easy to follow and highlight different relationships that may or may not have a positive impact on your life. There is also a Health Plan available that lets you get on track with becoming moreShow MoreRelatedInstructional Implications For Internalizing Behaviors.1708 Words   |  7 PagesInstructional Implications for Internalizing Behaviors Introduction To what extent is the rise of internalizing behaviors including anxiety and mood disorders impacting classroom instruction? What strategies and resources are available to assist general education and special education teachers in reaching these students? What role does the school play in providing school-based resources to combat these typically medically-based conditions? What needs to happen to create change? These questionsRead MoreHealth Promotion Of Mental Health756 Words   |  4 PagesReading and reflecting on the assigned articles for the week, urged me to consider health promotion in mental health (MH). Specifically how the Social Cognitive approach (SCT) is applied to programs in the field of mental health. It appears that SCT has been extensively applied to physiological health promotion (Bandura, 2004) more so than that of mental health disorders and problems. Although there may be less inquiry into behaviour changes in MH, stigma (individual and collective) in MH has beenRead MoreMental Health And The Prevention Of The Progression Mental Illness1222 Words   |  5 PagesMental Health Policy in Scotland Prevention Scotland has several programs to aid in the prevention of the progression mental illness. There are courses on Scotland’s Mental Health First Aid, mentally healthy workplace training, and suicide prevention training. The Mental Health First Aid training is designed to help people recognize the signs and symptoms of a mental disorder and gives people the knowledge necessary to handle a mental health crisis. The mentally healthy workplace training is focusedRead MoreSocial Media s Influence On Mental Health And Overall Quality Of Life1707 Words   |  7 PagesSocial media usage by adolescents must be limited in order to improve mental health and overall quality of life. Adolescent social media activity continues to grow, creating technology dependence in younger generations. Technology remains in its prime throughout the twenty first century with advancements in internet and smartphone capabilities. As technology becomes more accessible to younger generations, minors continue to spend more of their day trapped in a cyber universe and disconnected fromRead MoreThe Impact Of Smartphone Technology On Behavioral Health Care Essay1561 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough there is a big variety of possibilities of smartphone technology bringing to behavioral health care, there are also several key issues that both professionals and users should be aware of. In the following section, a brief overview of primary issues is provided in order to point out some suggestions for a better user practice and the trend of the mHealth in mental health. 1. Security and Privacy Issues One big challenge is always around the security of the patients’ private data collectedRead MoreCognitive Psychology : Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1447 Words   |  6 Pagesfeelings are influenced by the way we think, also our mood is affected by our behavior and thought process. CBT tries to tackle our thoughts, feelings, and behavior. Research has shown that cognitive behavioral therapy is affective for wide range of mental health problems. The purpose is to bring positive change by alleviating emotional distress such as depression. CBT starts by breaking down your problems into smaller components. Often trying to identify particular problematic thoughts or behavior. OnceRead MoreMental Health Awareness And Improvement Act802 Words   |  4 PagesMental Health Awareness and Improvement Act The shortage of aid for treating mental health disorders is often disregarded as inconsequential because of a lack of awareness surrounding the subject. Both the general public and policy makers seem blind to the prevalence of the problem, even though mental illness affects 1 in 5 Americans and costs the country an estimated $247 billion dollars annually (Blumenthal, 2015). The Mental Health Awareness and Improvement Act of 2015 was written to address mentalRead MoreMedical Health Promotion And Disease Prevention Plan1467 Words   |  6 PagesNUR 609 : Application of Theory Guidelines Yi Duan Low SUNY Upstate Medical University NURS 609 Family Psychiatric and Mental health Theory Professor: Prof. Patricia Powers Introduction The nationwide health promotion and disease prevention plan, Healthy People 2020, recognizes that mental health promotion and mental health reduction as one of the most significant health objectives. Statistic indicated that mental health disorders are the leading cause of disability in United States and CanadaRead MoreDeveloping a Regional Mental Health Hospital Which Offers A Therapeutic Environment 1317 Words   |  6 PagesBackground of the Study Mental health is defined as â€Å"a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully and is able to make a contribution to his or her community†. Also mental health is an expression of our emotions and signifies a successful adaptation to a range of demands. It describes either a level of cognitive or emotional well-being or an absence of a mental disorder. From perspectivesRead MoreFamily Counseling Services Of Northern Utah1054 Words   |  5 Pagesand its mental health needs. Description of Project: According to a 2015 report by The University of Utah Health Care, mental health disorders account for several of the top causes of disability, which include: major depression (also called clinical depression), manic depression (also called bipolar disorder), schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mental health disorders can happen to anyone, many times without the proper counseling services individuals with these disorders contemplate

Macbeth, By William Shakespeare - 1805 Words

Shakespeare, in his plays, often uses the repetition of a word, not because he cannot think of a synonym, but to place emphasis on that word and therefore the idea conveyed by the use of the word. Macbeth is no exception. Macbeth takes place in Scotland in the 11th century and discusses the issues of equivocation, fate, the future, and paranoia, as if to warn and inform the audience about such issues. Shakespeare wanted to inform the public about the consequences of equivocation - the use of ambiguous language to hide the truth - and to reassure them about placing their trust in the King, both because of the Gunpowder Plot, which had occurred not long before the writing of the play. Macbeth warns about the danger of tempting fate while indirectly persuading the audience to rebuild their trust in the monarchy, which had been precarious because of the long-lasting religious persecution. To convey this theme, Shakespeare uses the repetition of several words, a prominent one being Ã¢â‚¬Ë œman’. All of the uses of ‘man’ rely on the social standards of the time, which dictated the behavior and traits of men and women. These social ‘rules’ were rarely broken, and those who did not abide by them were ridiculed. Shakespeare expands on the meaning of these rules through his uses of the word ‘man’, and other terms relating to gender, which convey one of three distinct social ideas: what a man is, what a man should be, and what a man should not be. Throughout human history, the roles andShow MoreRelatedMacbeth by William Shakespeare770 Words   |  3 PagesThe play Macbeth is written by William Shakespeare. It is believed to be written between 1603 and 1607 and set in eleventh century Scotland. It is also believed to be first performed in 1606. It is considered to be one of the darkest and most powerful tragedies. Macbeth, set in Scotland, dramatizes the psychological and political effects produced when evil is chosen to fulfil l the ambition of power. The Tragedy of Macbeth is Shakespeare’s shortest tragedy and tells the story of Macbeth, a ScottishRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1425 Words   |  6 PagesMacbeth Just Can’t Wait To Be King Everyone has a quality that they do not like about themselves. Some people struggle to be social, others may be too controlling of people. The list goes on and on, but the point is that everybody has a particular quality that they must learn to control or else that particular quality can get out of hand. Of course, one could write a list of characters that have major flaws. There is no better example than William Shakespeare’s character, Macbeth, in The TragedyRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1409 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Fair is foul, and foul is fair: Hover through the fog and filthy air.† On October 17th, I had the pleasure of going to see Macbeth performed at the Shakespeare Tavern. Along with its reputation for being â€Å"cursed,† Macbeth is also known as one of the crown jewels of William Shakespeare’s repertoire. In my opinion, the central concept of this particular retelling of the play was the murkiness of character. Throughout the pla y, the many characters go through fierce temptation and strife, and noneRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1203 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth is a play based on King James I, it was written by William Shakespeare, however this play isn’t a king and queen fairy tale, but it’s a play about greed and guilt, chaos and murder and three evil witches who use prophecies to influence Macbeth to do bad things, using flattery would instigate his inner ambition to become king, which in the end doesn’t lead to a very happy ending. Shakespeare’s, Macbeth, was written in the early Jacobean period. During those times, women had no power, theyRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1243 Words   |  5 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Macbeth†, the author portrays the main character Macbeth as a very tortured and flawed individual whose actions only serve to further unravel him. He is conflicted and power hungry, which drives him to perform evil murders and become a ruthless person. Macbeth’s moral compass is not resilient enough to withstand his wife’s manipulations and he is provoked to act on his malicious thoughts of murder. The author explores the terrible effects that ambition and guilt can haveRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagesreaction†. Macbeth by William Shakespeare is a tale which illuminates the consequences of violating the â€Å"Natural order†, the hierarchy of beings in the universe. When Macbeth, a warrior wel l-known for his courage and bravery, murders King Duncan acting on his unchecked ambition to claim the throne, the order was disrupted, the result†¦chaos. Shakespeare uses symbolism to illustrate the atmosphere of the play as the natural order is flung into a state of turmoil. These techniques used by Shakespeare is usedRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1483 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent references in the play of how a king deals with power and if they use it for better or for their own personal gain. In the play Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, Macbeth’s obsession with his journey to power leads to his failure. This obsession is demonstrated through the prophecies, the murder of his best friend Banquo, and his own demise. Macbeth demonstrates that he is incapable of mastering the power and responsibilities of being a king. This is indicated throughout the play with theRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1045 Words   |  5 PagesBlood appears in only two forms, but many times in Macbeth by William Shakespeare; between the war scene at the beginning of the play and the lifting of Macbeth’s severed being lifted by Macduff at the end. It can be said that Macbeth could have been written in blood that there is such a large amount. What is unique about blood in Macbeth is that the â€Å"imaginary blood† or the guilt that the murderer feels plays more of a role of understand and amplifying the theme of the play, that blood is guiltRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1431 Words   |  6 Pages Macbeth, though originally a valiant and prudent soldier, deteriorates into an unwise king whose rash decisions conclusively end in the atrophy of his title, power, and position. Several facto rs contribute to the downfall of Macbeth, which produce a contagion effect and ultimately end with his demise. He receives help from his â€Å"inner ambitions and external urgings† which result in his downfall (Bernad 49). The â€Å"external urgings† consist of the weird sisters who disclose his prophecies, which enlightenRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare2060 Words   |  9 Pagesthe green one red Macbeth Quote (Act II, Sc. II). Out, out, brief candle! Life s but a walking shadow, a poor player that struts and frets his hour upon the stage and then is heard no more: it is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing. Macbeth Quote (Act V, Scene V). These quotes have been taken from play Macbeth written by William Shakespeare. Like these quotes there are hundreds and thousands of such heart touching quotes written by Shakespeare in his many different

Harry Thurston’s “Miracle” Extended Metaphor Sample Essay Example For Students

Harry Thurston’s â€Å"Miracle† Extended Metaphor Sample Essay Harry Thurston’s â€Å"Miracle† is a simple and sweet verse form. which displays the use of an drawn-out metaphor. As the talker is in the procedure of explicating to his girl as to why she should non pick the flower and let it to turn. he shortly regrets stating her to halt. If Thurston meant to metaphorically convey this verse form as the growing of his girl. we can safely presume that the flower mentioned in the 2nd line of the verse form that will â€Å"turn into a strawberry† ( 4 ) . represents his girl as a yearling who will shortly turn up into a beautiful immature lady. From â€Å"no Oklahoman are the words out than I regret preventing her pleasure† ( 7-8 ) . we can besides presume that he regretted keeping her dorsum from her ain wonders and finds. his fatherlike inherent aptitudes to raising and attention for his girl while she is still immature could be the cause of this ; it would hold been his manner of protecting her. It besides suggests that he came to the realisation that he needed to let her to see everything on her ain and allow her grow. â€Å"For what is one flower less. and hebdomads to a kid excessively long to wait† ( 9-10 ) . suggests that there would hold been no injury done if she were to pick a individual flower but her childhood would hold been in a manner harmed from non being able to fulfill her wonder and acquisition from her ain experiences. He realizes that as a parent. he doesn’t demand to protect or learn her everything because she will finally larn on her ain. I feel as if this verse form is a reminder to us that life is in a sense a â€Å"miracle† ( 15 ) . It is difficult to believe that something so little such as a flower can turn into something so different such as a sweet strawberry or a yearling turning up into something new such as an grownup until we see it go on.

Supply And Demand Essays (361 words) - American Football League

Supply And Demand On January 30, millions of televisions will be tuned in to the American Broadcast Company's live coverage of the Super Bowl. The three hour-plus event draws as many as 130 million viewers at one time. According to NFL Research, sixty eight percent of Super Bowl viewers say they pay attention to the commercials and fifty two percent said they discussed the ads the next day. With so many people watching the event, businesses see the Super Bowl as a golden opportunity to lure in profits by utilizing the commercial air time available. Due to the unlimited wants and limited resources, an economic condition called scarcity results. Another economic principle, called investment, is exemplified in this article. Scarcity is a condition that exists because society has unlimited wants and needs, but there are limited resources for their satisfaction. During the three hour-plus football game, there will be opportunities for large businesses (and even some small businesses who have gambled on this form of advertising) to display their product or service to over a hundred million people. At an even greater expense, some companies are sponsoring pre-game, half-time, and post-game shows. Why does it cost so much money? Commercials during the Super Bowl are very powerful means of advertising. Companies can appeal to a larger audience by advertising during an event that is widely watched among all different groups. The commercials are also quite expensive because of the limited quantity. Advertising during the Super Bowl is a very smart investment. Investment is defined by the sacrifice of current benefits to pursue an activity with expectations of greater future benefits or rewards. Does this apply to the Super Bowl? Yes. Companies will dish out millions of dollars for 30-second blocks of air time. Some companies may even purchase more than that. The short term result is a loss of millions. That money invested in advertising, however, should return much more than that which was invested. The commercial air time during the Super Bowl is such a valuable commodity, that although it costs millions of dollars, those who invest in this form of advertising believe they will make a much greater profit in return. 380 Words Bibliography Catherine Valenti, (January 16,2000), War of the Web Sites, ABCNEWS.com, http://www.abcnews.go.com/sections/business/dailynews/superbowl_netads_000113.html

The eNotes Blog New-Old Scribbles from Old, OldAuthors

New-Old Scribbles from Old, OldAuthors A curious trend seems to be spreading across the literary world whereby deceased authors previously unseen scribblings are being brought into the light. First we had Hemingways 47 alternate endings to A Farewell to Arms in print, then an uncovered and previously rejected short story by F.Scott Fitzgerald was published by  The New Yorker. And this week brings with it the new-old scribblings of not one, but two  famous authors, one thanks to science, the other to a private journal. Photo Via Daily Mail   One of those whose work will be newly uncovered is none other than Charles Dickens. In this case, there is no freshly discovered, unpublished manuscript to be sent to the printers. Rather, the hidden treasure has been in scholars hands all along; Dickens manuscripts were written out by hand, marked by scribbles and crossings-out throughout. Now, thanks to a newly invented lighting device, scientists will be able to literally illuminate Dickens thoughts on the page. Reports The Independent, The technology, separating layers of text, involves combining two or more digital images – a frontlit and backlit image of a page. By digitally subtracting one from the other, differences are revealed. The technology has already been worked on Dickens Christmas-themed short story The Chimes, which has wielded some interesting results. One sentence that was published as Years †¦ are like Christians in that respect was actually originally written by the author as Years are like men in one respect. Seem like a small change? It is, but scholars of Dickens are more interested in figuring out why such changes were made. One senior curator describes the technology as allowing scholars to almost see Dickens thinking aloud on paper. It certainly has Florian Schweizer, Director of the Charles Dickens Museum in London, excited, now that this science will be applied to longer manuscripts like Bleak House:  Were talking of tens of thousands of manuscript pages that could potentially be unlocked. Photo via Daily Mail Sir Arthur Conan Doyle is the second infamous writer with a new work on the publishing circuit. The Sherlock Holmes authors career seems undeterred by the afterlife. Perhaps its been spurred on by the recent movie and television adaptations. Either way, his newest adventure yarn tells the exciting story of a young medical student who runs away to become the ship doctor aboard an Arctic whaler for   one thrilling year. The difference between this and Doyles other stories? Its actually his own. Yes, one of the earliest proponents of the mystery novel was actually studying to be a physician, until he put aside his education for a ride on the high seas. Luckily for us, he kept a journal on his travels, which has only now been compiled into a published work to be titled Dangerous Work. The Guardian had a sample: I fell into the Arctic Ocean three times today, but luckily someone was always near to pull me out. The danger in falling in is that with a heavy swell on as there is now, you may be cut in two pretty well by two pieces of ice coming together and nipping you. I got several drags, but was laid up in the evening as all my clothes were in the engine room drying after skinning a seal today I walked away with the two hind flippers in my hand, leaving my mittens on the ice. Doyle was just twenty when that account was written. Over the course of his year-long adventure he would grow immensely, dealing with such sobering moments as the death of a fellow crew member in his very arms. The first Sherlock Holmes story would not be published for another seven years, but the Doyle biographer who co-edited the diary has said that he found a direct link to the first tale at the end of Doyles voyage. What do you think of these authors secret works and edits coming to light? Is it fair to the legacy they intended to leave? Should we even be allowed to see them, or should they remain tucked away from the publics eyes? Tell us your thoughts below! (Feature Image Via Daily Mail)

Become a Marketable Medical Transcriptionist

Become a Marketable Medical Transcriptionist Whether you’re just starting along the path to a career in medical transcription or are looking to sharpen your skills, you need to be in top of your game at all times. Here are a few ways you can thrive in this important position. You will likely have to learn how to generate your own clients.  Always be in the lookout for opportunities to network. Keep your name active in industry forums and maintain consistent relationships with industry professionals: teachers from your certification program, former classmates and colleagues, and anyone you’ve worked for in the past. You want to remain fresh in the minds of people who might be looking to hire someone.Organization is key, especially because many positions will require that you work from home and maintain your own schedule. First, set up a professional space for yourself–make sure it’s clean, quiet, and equipped with the latest gear. You will definitely need a sturdy set of headphones and a quality sou nd card for your computer. Then, set up (and stick to!) an administration plan that works for you–paper or electronic files are fine, so long as you keep meticulous track of your assignments, due dates, and invoices.Finally, grow and hone your skills regularly. Practice is key to success, especially on real-life medical dictations. In this profession, time is money and efficiency is vital.Aim to stay at the top of your game in all professional and personal avenues and you’ll be primed to become a sought-after and marketable medical transcriptionist!5 Ways to Maximize Your Effectiveness as a Medical TranscriptionistRead More at www.careerstep.com

Sex offenders in Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sex offenders in Australia - Essay Example It is thus reasonable to expect society to consider and undertake all possible viable solutions against sex offenses. In the United States, the passage of Megan’s Law has is widely known for making legal the naming of sex offenders after they have been released from prison, as a means by which the community they are reintegrated in are made aware of the risks. In our country, Australia, there is the Australian National Child Offender Register (ANCOR) targeting sex offenders of minor children, and monitoring them for a certain duration of time. However, this is altogether different from the â€Å"naming and shaming† of these individuals, which Australia has still not allowed. The issue of the naming of sex offenders has hit the headlines in recent months, with Melboune broadcaster Derryn Hinch lost his court battled against suppression orders to protect child abusters. Victoria’s Sex Abusers Monitoring Act, he said, was unconstitutional for not explicitly stating that court proceedings must be held publicly. He also said that suppression orders are unconstitutional. Deciding against him, the courts held that suppression orders are unconstitutional and he was guilty of contempt for divulging the names of the sex offenders. And yet, there is growing public support around the idea of naming and shaming, such support built upon populist sentiments condemning sexual offenses, demonizing sezual offenders and rousing fears that communities will not be safe in the presence of these sex offenders. In my paper, I will use two criminological theories to examine and critique this notion of naming of sex offenders. These are the conflict theory of criminology and the classical theory of criminology. A. Conflict Theory In order to discuss Conflict theory, it is incumbent to compare it with the consensus theory. The sociological theories that underpin our understanding of crime and punishment, as well as the justice system have long been the subject of deb ate by opposing ideological camps. The divergent approaches of â€Å"consensus† and â€Å"conflict† and what approach is the most appropriate lens with which to understand crimes remains to be discussed today, with the debates evolving to meet more modern and complex contemporary problems. It is imperative to begin by defining the concepts. Reid (119) defined the consensus approach as one that â€Å"views the emerging norms and laws of society as representative of the common feeling about what is right and proper; that is, they represent a consensus of views—a mechanism for maintaining social order.† It looks at society as a homogenous whole, without factions or frictions, and making a collective determination on what is right and what is wrong. For example, taking a very recent incident, the harsh punishments meted against the London street rioters might be deemed appropriate among proponents of the consensus theorists: indeed, the destruction of private property and petty larceny go against collective values and the State must bear down heavily upon those who seek to trample those values. In contrast, the proponents of the conflict theory look at society not as a homogenous whole, but as one wracked by class fault lines. Therefore, laws are not simply collectively-agreed upon rules that establish social order and ensure the efficient and harmonious functioning

Integrating Security and Usability into the Requirements and Design Research Paper

Integrating Security and Usability into the Requirements and Design Process - Research Paper Example The user interface design of the touch screen register has features that enable it to attain security. First, the new system enforces access controls by requiring that every cashier supplies a matching pair of user-id and password in order to log in to the register. It is not only helpful in preventing non-legitimate access to the register, but also provides a good avenue to introduce role-based authentication. Moreover, it will be possible associating a given cashier with a certain workstation, and in certain instances, it is possible associating a cashier with a certain workgroup. Second, the registers ability to lock after four unsuccessful login attempts is a good strategy to suppress the efforts of brute force attackers and malicious insiders who will constantly use trial and error in a bid to gain unauthorized access to the system. Further, the safety of information stored therein is enhanced by the condition that only the managers can use a keycard to unlock the register follo wing unsuccessful login attempts. Finally, unauthorized access is also prevented by the registers ability to lock if the screen does not get touched for a period of three minutes. The system also features certain security utilities that to some extent collide with the usability. First, the restriction that only the cashier who was authenticated before the system locked will be in a position to unlock it is a feature that prevents the idea of other end-users performing malicious acts on other peoples account profile. Otherwise, new cashiers would need to restart the system. The tool also increases accountability whilst enhancing the systems intention to associate every action with a particular user (Wysocki, 2013).  

English as the Official Language Essay Example for Free

English as the Official Language Essay For so many years in the world, it is undeniable that the English language has been used as a medium of communication. Many countries are using the English language for its people to understand each other. Today, the American English is peculiarly influential, due to the fact that the United States has become the center of excellence in terms of popular music, television programs, business and technology, film making and many others (â€Å"History of the English Language†). Although there are myriad kinds of English language spoken around the world like Australian English, Indian English and Canadian English, the dominance of the English language is the primary reason that its utilization as an official language in the United States of America should be pushed through. Therefore, it is claimed in this paper that it is proper and tenable for the American English to be considered and approved by the government as the official language of the United States of America. There are three major reasons why it is proper for the American English to be approved as the official language of the United States of America. First, American English is widely used in many countries in the world that makes the United States of America as a melting pot of many races. Second, the American English is the best communicative tool for the understanding of individuals in terms of political, economic, spiritual, physical and educational development. Third, it has been proven for so many years that the use of America English has caused improvement of the country in general. With that, it cannot be denied that the most influential and dominant language in the world is American English. The Dominance of the American English Language American English is widely used in many countries in the world that makes the United States of America as a melting pot of many races. There are many people around the world who have chosen to migrate in the United States of America. The reasons of their migration are to find a greener pasture or to enjoy the freedom and affluence that they can get in the country by chance or opportunity. The country is known for its democratic and representative governance, such that many races are confident enough that America can make their dreams come true. In connection with that, speaking the American English language is an indispensable tool to become a successful immigrant in the country. Therefore, majority of immigrants are also speaking the same language as used by the Americans, making the language the most widely used communicative tool in the land. A study was conducted by the U. S. Census Bureau and released findings that literacy and fluency in English is necessary to achieve economic self-sufficiency (Burt 1). Immigrants who can speak well in American English language are most likely profitable in their jobs and business while staying in the United States. Since almost 22% who held jobs in the United States are foreign-born, their ability to speak English has a great impact on the economic improvement of the country (Burt 1). That is the main reason why immigrants wanted to learn English as a second language, which adds to the dominance of the same language in the United States of America. Is it not a sign of additional resources for the economic and political progress of the country? Yes, it is. The numerous foreign-born workers in the country contribute to the economic development in one way or another. The native-born workers and businessmen can communicate well with immigrants adding more chances for economic improvements.  Ã‚     Hence, making the American English Language as official in the United States is proper. American English Language: The Best Communicative Tool The American English is the best communicative tool for the understanding of individuals in terms of political, economic, cultural, spiritual, physical and educational development. It has been said that a language is a systematic medium of communication through the use of sounds or conventional symbols (Manivannan 1). For so many years, the American English has been considered as one of the principal assets of the country for political, economic, cultural, spiritual, physical and educational development. There are myriad reasons why American English language is the best communicative tool in the whole world. In order to conduct political activities such as elections, foreign affairs, decision-making and policy-making, the use of the American English language is necessary. Journals and books on business matters and other economic conditions are generally printed in American English language, which makes all the people to learn the language. Tourists are enthusiastic to learn the same language because it could help them in enjoying the wonderful sites of the country. The enjoyment of American literature depicted in films and television programs reached across many nations which is the means for other races to learn the richness of the American culture. The American invasion is still effective by the dominance of our language which makes our products and services appealing to the whole world. Aside from that, there are many students in other countries who wanted to study in the United States of America. Their contribution in the academe is very important as well as their willingness to learn the language. Hence, all the people who live in America become united due to the influence and dominance of the American English language. Do we need to prevent the approval in making the American English language the official one, knowing that it is useful to us? No, we cannot afford to do so. Therefore, the arguments to support the approval of making the American English language as official are meritorious. The Advantages of the American English Language It is not denied that the American language is a principal asset for political and economic development of the country. The English language is also used as a preferred language for the conveyance of international business and scientific studies (Lian 1). In addition, it is easy to sell American products for American English language is widely used in advertisements and promotions worldwide. A foreign-born individual mentioned that, being fluent in American English is a ladder to successful business and other carrier endeavors (â€Å"The Importance of English in Modern World†). We were able to attract many intelligent individuals through the English language and everything we have is a standard for other countries. In all aspects in life, the said language is useful and also pervasive that it reaches in all parts of the world. Conclusion We are all fortunate to have a language that makes our country a center of commerce, excellence in education and culture and influential in politics. Our country is a strategic place because the American English is widely used in many countries in the world that makes the United States of America as a melting pot of many races. Since the American English is the best communicative tool for the understanding of individuals in terms of political, economic, spiritual, physical and educational development, we are confident that we remain in power all over the world. Finally, the use of America English has caused improvement of our country in general. As conclusion, there is still no doubt that making the English American language as official in the United States of America is proper and meritorious.   Works Cited Burt, Miriam. â€Å"Issues in Improving Immigrant Worker’s English Language Skills†. December 2003. 2 February 2009 http://www.cal.org/Caela/esl_ resources/digests/Workplaceissues.html â€Å"History of the English Language†. 2009. English Club. 2 February 2009 http://www. englishclub.com/english-language-history.htm . Lian Li, Khaw. 2008. Khawlilian. 2 February 2009 http://www.khawlilian.com/. Manivannan, G. 2006. Using English Website. 2 February 2009 http://www. usingenglish.com/teachers/articles/importance-english-language.html. â€Å"The Importance of English in Modern World†. 17 November 2007. MSN Content Website. 2 February 2009 http://content.msn.co.in/MSNContribute/Story.aspx? PageID=396ac8e2-aa06-47b2-8176-32ef043284f1.

The Santa Monica Bay Restoration :: Environment Environmental Pollution Essays

The Santa Monica Bay Restoration Pollution is a worldwide catastrophe that contaminates or destroys every living and non-living thing in its path. The earth is designed to constantly balance itself allowing plant and animal life the ability to thrive. Unfortunately when bombarded with chemicals, heavy metals and unnatural human waste, the earth exceeds its critical load and irreversible damage occurs. There are literally thousands of areas that have been negatively effected by the numerous types of pollution. To date there are over four thousand lakes alone where wildlife and human use ceases to exist. Pollution reeks such havoc on communities because it "knows no boundaries." Even if one country implements tough emission laws, a neighboring country's pollution may continue destroying its resources. To exemplify the ever increasing degree of pollution, I will be focusing on the Santa Monica Restoration Project. This project is an ongoing effort to maintain a clean and healthy environment in and surrounding the Santa Monica Bay so that plant and animal life are able to thrive. Unfortunately this project is continuously challenged by numerous pollutants. Pollution is a simplified way of classifying a multitude of harmful acts and elements. The Santa Monica Bay experiences pollution created by auto and homeowners, oil spills and leaks, gasoline and paint contamination from boats, wastewater from two local sewage treatment plants, litter and construction sediment. The goal of the restoration project is double fold. Number one, to clean up the bay in order to bring back plant and animal life that has either died or fled to other habitats, and two to make the individuals and companies who cause the contamination aware of the harmful acts they are engaging in daily. In many clean-up projects, officials initially point fingers at factories and large corporations assuming large facilities must be the cause of such horrendous pollutants. Unfortunately, what officials have discovered is that although industries do produce large amounts of waste, human activity produces even more. "Residential and open land uses together comprise ninety percent of the total Santa Monica Bay watershed area, and contribute eighty-two percent of the total runoff and the largest pollutant loads to the Bay." Auto and homeowners commit numerous actions that hurt the environment unknowingly. Simple acts such as overwatering one's lawn creates a runoff which cause pesticides and fertilizers to flow into storm drains that empty into the bay. Litter, pet waste and improperly disposed car care products cause the same problem.

Baudelaire, Keats and Yeats: Fantasy and Real Essay

Charles Pierre Baudelaire was said to be among the precursors of Symbolism – a movement which employed words to separate the imagination from reality, leading to the chastity of the spirit which rejected conformities. It is said to be an offshoot of Romanticism, one of the most prevalent literary movements in the early twentieth-century. In this poem, Correspondances (Correspondences), Baudelaire emphasized the concepts behind each image which is an example of synaethesia – the correspondence of the senses (EDSitement, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   John Keats belonged to a literary movement called Romanticism – an escape from the real world into the ideal, yet, realizes that the ideal cannot be attained. The two poles of this movement are typically reflected at the beginning and end of a poem. The Ode on a Grecian Urn by John Keats is an attempt to express inner conflicts of love and pain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   William Butler Yeats was among the famous early Modernists – making use of Symbolism, Romanticism and Realism. Each contributes to its allusiveness, irrationalism and separation from the traditional, respectively. The Circus Animals’ Desertion describes the absence of a poetic theme – a document of his frustration and the difference between the fantasy and reality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The three poems indicated above portray of an escape from the real – the difference between the fantasy and the real. Correspondances dwell on the concept of synaestheisa – a communication among the senses. The senses receive images that Baudelaire processed into symbols. A part of synaethesia is the complementing forms of objects in Heaven and Earth. The images in this poem, Correspondances, become symbols for certain concepts that differentiate the intangibility of Heaven to Earth (Dorra, 1994).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   John Keats’ Ode on a Grecian Urn describes the conflict between the temporary and the permanent – of life human and immortal. It revolves around the images of the urn – the thoughts, history and emotions that picture it, and the dynamics brought about by the urn – the thoughts, history and emotions put into action and into the present. At its last stanza, Keats wrote that the urn has teased – which could mean a tease to pass through the real into the fantasy – the thought that beauty is truth and vice versa (Melani, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   William Butler Yeats has contrasted the real and the fantasy in the images of his circus characters in The Circus Animals’ Desertion. In his search for a poetic theme, Yeats has delved into the fantasy to create the images of circus figures to symbolize his creativity that have left him, and to which he wishes to see again. He emphasizes that his circus characters, his creativity, cause his frailty as to create is his life. In lieu to that, Yeats has yearned to create to reject the norms and the old. In the end, Yeats has succeeded in differentiating the fantasy and the real through his circus and his yearning (Cronin, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These three poets have somehow created a single theme out of different sources. Each of them has presented the subject of unreal and real, their differences and how each can be achieved. These three poets, Baudelaire, Keats and Yeats have created a whole new literary movement out of their own movements – Modernism. Modernism allowed these celebrated poets to shake the traditions of poetry and nurtured the art of poetry through its distinct picture of the fantasy and the real. References: Cronin, C. (2007). William Butler Yeats’ â€Å"The Circus Animals’ Desertion† [Electronic Version]. Retrieved May 16, 2007 from http://ireland.wlu.edu/landscape/Group5/life.htm. Dorra, H. (1994). Symbolist Art [Electronic Version]. Retrieved May 16, 2007 from http://www.studiocleo.com/librarie/baudelaire/critique.html. EDSitement. (2007). Charles Baudelaire: The Poet of Sickness and Evil [Electronic Version]. Retrieved May 16, 2007 from http://edsitement.neh.gov/view_lesson_plan.asp?id=389. Melani. (2004). Ode on a Grecian Urn [Electronic Version]. Retrieved May 16, 2007 from http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/cs6/urn.html#general.

Develop Teams Individual

This report will look at identifying and implement learning and development needs for an automotive service workshop. It will look at developing a learning and development plan, elaborating a strategy to encourage staff to self evaluate performance, assessing performance, providing feedback and managing follow up.It will use Richard Parser's Automotive Service Team workshop as a case study to help understand the problems of managing people learning needs and performance implementing. Background Richard Parker has been in business for three years, in Preston, Melbourne. Richard employs eight full-time and two part-time staff. Four of the full-timers work in the workshop and two in in the back office and two in the front office dealing with customers. Richard has noticed that the front office staff and their customer service are not up to the expected level. For example customers don't get the service that they require or the product they order.Richard complains of staff not showing up for work at the right time and so on. Richard has also faced some issues with the local council over solid and liquid waste disposal. The back end office staff often confronts the mechanics when they order spare parts for the services to be carried out. The back office staff always complain of issues with suppliers. Suppliers complain of the ambiguous ordering process of the back staff. Richard finds some irregularity in his teams in terms of application of skills and knowledge. He believes that it is the right time for him to take the right actions to turn the business into the right direction.That's why he decides to identify and implement learning and development needs for is staff. Report AAA . Recommended learning method is a Training Needs Analysis (TAN) Richard could identify his team learning needs using a systematic approach and going through four steps of analysis: 1. Analysis of the competencies that each employee must have to improve the business flow. 2. Analysis of th e organization requirements to focus where is the learning and development need located. 3. Task analysis to establish what individuals and teams must learn in order to satisfy the required learning and development need. . Team analysis to determine which employee needs a learning program. To conduct this analysis Richard will need to: now his company situation, ; identify required competencies of his team, ; involve employees in decision making, survey, discuss and analyses actual data, prepare specific employee development plans, implement the plans. Before to designing the training program, it will be very important that Richard conduct a SOOT analysis, to identify his team Strengths and Weakness points; and his business Opportunities and Threats.To fill the gap between the Job requirements and current abilities of his employees, Richard has to conduct a training needs analysis, making sure that it's targeted to a specific need and satisfies training acquirement. The training nee ds will be the result of collecting information on the skills, knowledge and attitude required to perform a Job task, identifying the training need and performance gap. When designing the learning needs analysis, Richards aim is to: ; assess the current situation. Define the problem (what gaps exist? ). Determine if there is a need for training/learning. Determine what is driving this need for training/learning. ; evaluate existing training. Assess the possible learning solutions. Ascertain information about logistical considerations/constraint. The Training Needs Analysis will provide the following benefits: ; A clear indication of what needs to be included in a training program. ; Assists in developing learning outcomes (by identifying precisely what needs to be learnt). ; Clarifies areas for assessment. O Provides guidance on development, delivery, presentation methods and media to be used. Provides knowledge of the target audience, training gaps and proposed content. ; Will allo w specific evaluation to ascertain its success. AAA. Learning and Development Plan. Name: Paul smith Date: 25. 02. 2014 Job position: Front office, customer service. Learning improvements goals Dealing with customers Communication with the staff Being at work on time Learning outcomes Delivering effective customer service Team working Effective internal communication Respect of workplace rules and workflow Strategies / steps or actions Analysis of training needs: interview to identify performance needs. Identification of appropriate learning methods: consulting of guest speaker. ; Employee self-evaluation of performance: simulated work experience. ;Owner feedback: on-the-Job coaching or mentoring. Follow up: simulated work experience. Behavior/expectations/support ; Elaborate a learning plan targeted, collaboratively developed, agreed to and implemented. ; Owner identifying and approving resources and time lines required for learning activities. ; Employee proclivity to fill in the performance gaps.Owner providing coaching and mentoring assistance. Owner providing encouragement and positive feedback to the employee. Data/ resources Survey to be subordinated during informal interview. ; Guest speaker identifying appropriate learning methods. Timeline ; 1 week for analysis ; 1 week for simulating work experience, feedback and follow up. AAA. Employee self-assessment. SELF ASSESSMENT Employee details Name: PAUL SMITH position: FRONT OFFICE work area: CUSTOMER SERVICE contact no. : 555 555 555 1. Sees your current level of skill/knowledge relating to the skills/knowledge provided: I know how to take orders from clients, how to answer to phone calls, how to record appointments on the agenda. 2. Think about the requirements of your Job in relation to the skill areas and note the major task/knowledge requirements of your position: I need to improve my approach to the Clients, delivering effective customer service. I need to learn how to use suppliers database, to imp rove communication tit back office staff. I need to learn more about mechanical components, to improve communication with staff.I need to respect more workplace rules and workflow. 3. Where you can identify that your skills/knowledge are less than those required for your position, tick the box Training Required: a) Dealing with customers b) Communication with the staff c) Being at work on time 4. Where training is required, decide how soon your training should occur: a) the next 2 weeks b) In the next 2 weeks c) Immediately AAA. Feedback mechanisms. In Richard needs to collect feedback on performance of team members from relevant resources and compare with established team learning needs.Feedback on performance may include: ; Formal/informal performance appraisals. Obtaining feedback from clients. Obtaining feedback from supervisors and colleagues. Personal, reflective behavior strategies. ; Routine organizational methods for monitoring service delivery. Richard may use some formal systems in comparing established team learning needs, such as measurement systems (including planning), individual and team performance and reward systems, resource allocation systems. Richard should use also some informal yester in comparing established team learning needs, including meeting formats and conflict resolution protocols.AS. Development program Goals. Richard has to identify and develop program goals and objectives in order to establish clear training goals, learning objectives, and long-term objectives based on the outcomes that his employees wish to achieve. The goals and objectives indicate what the participants will learn and achieve as a result of their learning. To be effective, training must be specifically structured to meet stated outcomes and must be based on: ; Clear and measurable goals. Clear and learner focused objectives. Long-term objectives, to establish a pattern for future evaluation.Richard should provide to his employees a document that specifies in a structured format how they should perform a Job or work role (competency standard). AAA. Appropriate Learning Methods. Learning delivery methods appropriate to the learning goals may include: ; Conference and seminar attendance ; Formal course participation ; Induction Involvement in professional networks On-the-Job coaching or mentoring Presentations/demonstrations ; Problem-solving Work experience It is important to give the right consideration to participants expect and their earning style.Some learning methods might be not effective because: ; Lack of practical information (too much theory or background and not enough â€Å"how-to† approaches or action steps). ;Material too elementary and/or out of date, no â€Å"state of the art†. ; Not enough group interaction (too much lecturing). O Lecture notes and visuals not sequenced with course coverage. Sometimes boring. Disorganized – skipping from topic to topic with no sense of direction. ; Poor visuals. To p rovide an effective training program, the trainer should: ; Assess in advance the relative importance of each segment of the learning program. Spend more time on the most vital segments. Determine priorities for the elements of the session in advance. An effective trainer should avoid spending too much time on relatively lightweight portions of the learning program and being sidetracked by too many questions. AAA. Workplace opportunities. Informal session for customer service for front office staff. ;Refresh training in the main workshop. Rear house session with supplier sell manager. AAA. Assess and record outcomes of recommended training.Assessment in training is about measuring learners to see if they have reached the stated objectives of the course. To assess and record outcomes and performance of individuals and teams you need to evaluate their knowledge and their skills. 1 . Knowledge: what learners gained as a result of training. These assessments test the recall of facts, co mprehension skills, analysis skills, synthesis skills and evaluation skills. 2. Practical skills: the application of knowledge to a given situation. Knowledge and Practical skills include four main types of assessment: 1 .Real work: Takes place whilst the learner is performing real work, on- the-job. 2. Simulated work: Usually performed off-the-job, possibly in a training room or mock up work site. 3. Written: Used to demonstrate in written form what they know, either on paper or on computer. 4. Oral: When learners speak about what they know. One of the key challenges with assessment is to be able to assess the learning back in the workplace, â€Å"on the Job†, and it is possible to check it through the Performance Review Programs, which include observations on the Job.It is also fundamental to record assessment, keeping â€Å"training records† through a recording system that enables easy identification of what training each staff member has completed and when. Dependi ng on the size of the organization, this could be a simple matrix or it ay be done through the use of software commonly known as a â€Å"Learning Management System† (ALMS). AY. Adjusting the learning program. After monitoring and evaluating if the training course met the aims and objectives for which it was developed, it is important to adjust the learning program, if it is not u to expected dimension.Based on both assessment and evaluation, it might be needed to make or recommend changes for future training to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of learning. Changes can be made on different sides: TIME: Recommending a review of time to address the time to provide a more impressive treatment of the subject or selecting in lecture notes. CONTENT: Reviewing or re-writing the content of a presentation, for example to ensure emphasis on the practical application of the material. DELIVERY: Focusing learning material on fact and accepted knowledge not on opinion or on a partic ular style of management.Proposing to the learners generally and officially accepted management techniques and policies. FORMAT: Including a glossary of terms and an annotated bibliography to the notes. Organizing the content of the learning notes, making frequent use of headings and sub-headings and bullet points. Reviewing formatting and printing to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of learning. Providing copies of the learning material in advance so that those involved with changes can be appraised of the current presentations. AI. Documenting and maintaining records and reports of competency gained.Many methods can be employed to document and maintain records: ; Training evaluation form template Course participants to complete and to hand form to trainer after completion ; Assessment by course Director/Supervisor/Owner Owner/Supervisor to complete either with, or after discussion with the participant. Owner/Supervisor to complete either with, or after discussion with the participant 1 . Have you seen the desired changes to the participant's skills or knowledge? Yes 2. How will you test that the participant has gained from this course? Simulating work experience. . If the participant did not make the gains necessary, what can be done to address this? He can be trained again trough an on-the-Job coaching or mentoring and he could attend a formal course about customer service, internal communication and mechanical components. 4. From discussions with the participant, are you both attested that attendance at the training plan was worthwhile? Yes 5. Other comments? Elaborating a training need analysis was a effective way to improve my staff knowledge and skills and to implement and develop an effective team work.Supervisor: Richard Parker Date: 25. 02. 2014 Conclusion/Summary This report has looked at identifying and implement learning and development needs for an automotive service workshop. Developing a learning and development plan, elaborating a stra tegy to encourage staff to self evaluate performance, assessing performance, providing feedback and managing follow up. The process of monitoring, evaluating, implementing and developing people performance is essential to the success of any business.

U5 Discussion Who Is Watchnig You Example

U5 Discussion Who Is Watchnig You Example U5 Discussion Who Is Watchnig You – Coursework Example al Affiliation Employee Monitoring Employee Monitoring Today productivity at the work place has become a major concernespecially to employers. A lot of time in the workplace is at times lost with employees in the internet and making calls using the business resources. This does not only lead to loss of resources but also means the pay is not equal to the work. This makes employee monitoring crucial and is at many times considered a healthy business practice. The California Public Utilities Commission General Order 107-B states that when phone conversations are monitored, either for quality purposes or for employee monitoring, both parties must be notified of the recording either by playing a recorded message or use of a phone beep that informs the parties of the recording. Various technologies are available for employee monitoring today. Most common is the use of CCTV cameras that are strategically placed around the work place, not only for security purposes but also help in monitori ng what the employee is engaged in. When it comes to the internet, some companies use software to block connections to websites that are not helpful to the employee. There is other software that automatically monitors their employees email. Most employers monitor their employees’ phone conversations especially those made on business phones. There is also software that monitors what an employee stores on the computers’ hard disks and what is displaying on their computer screens. There is other software that helps employers monitor the amount of time the employee spends away from his or her working terminal. It is prudent for a company to keep its records and data bases safe. It must limit the access of its employees to the company’s records to only that which an employee requires. Employees are known to sell of crucial company information to its competitors and also blackmail superiors using access to the database when they are away of a malpractice. In monitorin g of a hundred employees in the workplace, video cameras around the workplace would make sure of monitoring of both online and offline employees. There is also need to monitor emails sent from their computers especially to clients to make sure of no malpractice. Internet sites that are not beneficial to the employee would have to be blocked; this includes pornographic sites and some social sites. The company’s database would have to be restricted to only a few employees especially senior management.

Mistletoe

Mistletoe Mistletoe Mistletoe By Maeve Maddox Before mistletoe became an excuse to kiss people at Christmas parties, it was an important symbol in ancient Celtic religion. Pliny the Elder describes a ceremony in which Druids climbed an oak tree to harvest mistletoe with a golden sickle. Wrote Pliny: They believe that mistletoe given in drink will impart fertility to any animal that is barren and that it is an antidote to all poisons. Mistletoe figures in the story of the Norse god Baldur. (Also spelled Balder and Baldr.) Baldur was the most beloved of the Norse gods. All the gods loved him except Loki the mean-spirited troublemaker. Baldurs mother Freya dreamed that he died and was taken by Hel. Norsemen who died in battle were taken by the Valkyries to Valhalla. Everyone else went to Hel’s kingdom. When Freya woke she went to Hel and begged her not to take her son. Hel said that if she could persuade everything in the world not to harm Baldur, he could go on living. Freya extracted an oath from rocks, elves, giants, plants, and everything else. Every thing and every creature swore not to harm Baldur. Unfortunately, Freya neglected to speak to the mistletoe. It was so small and insignificant that she didn’t see how it could be a threat to anyone. When it became evident that nothing would kill Baldur, the other gods made a game of throwing weapons at him. Loki found out about the unsworn mistletoe. He went to the plant and took a cutting back to Asgard. He fastened it to an arrow and gave it to Baldur’s blind brother Hoder. Loki guided Hoder’s hand and the mistletoe on the arrow pierced Baldur’s heart, killing him. Theres more to Baldurs story, but this is the part about the mistletoe. If youre in the mood for more seasonal lore, you may enjoy these DWT posts from previous years. Dec 2008 Deck the Halls Dec 2008 December 26 Dec 2007 Festive Words Dec 2007 The Meaning of Christmas Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Punctuating â€Å"So† at the Beginning of a SentencePeople versus PersonsPlurals of Proper Names

Business application of mathematics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business application of mathematics - Essay Example A simple formula is then derived to select the best five funds from each sector. For low risk investors, the 1st, 3rd and 5th year cumulative performance to the last quarter columns and fund size were used as metrics to decide the best 5 funds from each sector. Basic financial theory states that outsized returns can be generated only by taking risks, so although a fund may exhibit excellent returns, an investor should incorporate risk into the analysis to determine the risk-adjusted performance of the fund and how it compares to other investments. There are several metrics to use when analysing funds, one can decide to use kurtosis, skewness, standard deviation, mean, minimum and maximum functions, value at risk or any other metric or any combination of these metrics. Combining many of these metrics in the analysis of funds is an intensive way of getting the best funds. The metrics used to analyse the funds sometimes give different funds as the best. Most people however use fund size and 1st, 3rd and 5th yearly cumulative values to easily select the best funds. Skewness is a measure of the asymmetry of data in this case, the returns. Positive skewness means mean>median>mode. Negative skewness indicates the probability of a very high risk even if the probability is low. Kurtosis measures the level of flatness of a distribution. Negative kurtosis, indicates a lower probability of results around the mean, and lower probability of extreme values. A positive kurtosis indicates a higher probability of results near the mean, but also a higher probability of extreme values.   The idea of thought behind this criterion is that the yearly cumulative performance to the last quarter is a vital metric that indicates fund performance in the market. Another important metric that investors look at is fund size. Among the yearly cumulative performance columns, a fund that will

Ethics Should hospitality and tourism companies always demonstrate Essay

Ethics Should hospitality and tourism companies always demonstrate corporate social responsibility Discuss the costs and benefits of such an approach - Essay Example The area of social responsibility extends not to the society in general but it is now focused on the workers, the investors, customers, and suppliers. Corporate social responsibility or CSR is an industry in itself. Over the past decade, this has grown exponentially. The employee volunteering has now emerged as the CSR. Companies like Accenture and Whitbread term this as Corporate Citizenship (Carrington, 2005) where they take up working with the sick children and the local schools. Most of the staff gets involved in some voluntary service or donation. The tourism and hospitality companies bring about a transformation in the area they operate but all of the changes may not be desirable. They need to maintain ethics and discharge social responsibility but the question remains whether they should always demonstrate corporate social responsibility. Today ethics determine the success of an organization. Demands of the shareholders, stakeholders and investors are forcing industries to maintain a high morality in how companies conduct business. Any deviation can adversely affect the brand image, customer retention, and overall business. A certain group of investors in Europe have decided to invest only in companies who are conscious of their social responsibility. Post (2000) contends that an organization’s global corporate citizenship is shaped by internal and external factors. How a company deals with past public issues, stakeholder issues and community concerns determines the employees’ perception of the importance of citizenship matters. Many are of the opinion that since the goal of the public corporation is to maximize shareholder wealth, management should take any action necessary to achieve this goal so long as no law is violated. The rationale for ethics in business stems from the fact that when corporations collapse the society in general loses – the shareholders lose, the customers, the employees, the community, the creditors, the family

Microeconomic Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Microeconomic Questions - Essay Example How would, therefore, their profits differ from each other? 11 Is the elasticity of demand useful in terms of predicting the new equilibrium price and quantity in a market following a shock to the supply curve? When there is an increase or a decrease in the supply, the effect on the market is dependent on the elasticity of demand. The more inelastic is the demand curve, the less amount of quantity is sold as well as the price changes keeping all other things equal. When the demand curve is more elastic, the more changes in quantity bring fewer changes in price in a situation of ceteris Paribas. The magnitude of the effect of the supply side shock is not independent of price elasticity. In a situation of inelastic demand firms have the ability to raise prices as they will have to suffer from only a small drop in demand conditions. The responds of the producers as well as the consumers can affect the supply side shocks. The supply of fast food is elastic. The lesson from the elasticity concepts is more elastic is the curve, the more quantity changes and the more inelastic is the curve the more price changes. The elasticity is not only useful in order to predict the events of the markets but also to analyze the policies of the government. If a new subdivision is built near the shopping complex of a fast food company, the price of hamburger is not rise as much as the sales mainly because the fast food company is too small to generate such a demand that have the potential to increase the price. The elasticity of demand is of course useful in predicting the new equilibrium price as well as quantity because the shift or the trend of the demand curve because of the shock can be judged by the value of the elasticity. Under perfect competition, describe the long and short run outcomes if a demand curve were to shift to the left. A large number of small firms comprise the market for perfect competition. Each firm is small compared to the entire market. The comprising firm s set the identical products. The customers as well as the firms are well informed about the prices. There are no barriers to entry for other firms to enter into the market. In the short run the firms can change only the variable factor namely labor. The other decisions are predetermined. In the long run the firms have the potential to change their scale. In the short run when the existing price is less than the average cost curve it is better for the firm to close down. When the price is above the minimum point of average total cost, the firm makes profits. In the long run when a certain firm makes profits, new firms enter into the market. In the long run unlike monopoly or oligopoly it is not possible for a firm in perfect competition to earn economic profits. In a situation of perfect competition, the firm will be able to earn only normal profits and the demand curve will touch the total average cots curve at the minimum point. The firm must decide whether to continue with the bu siness in the long run and cover up the expenses. The decisions in the long run are based on the dependence between the price and the average cost curve in the long run. If the price is greater than or equal to average cots, the firm will continue to operate and close down otherwise. The above diagram represents a situation under perfect competition. In this case there is leftward shift of the market demand curve due to some reasons. The initial equilibrium price

Human Resource Accounting and Indian Practice

Human Resource Accounting and Indian Practice Abstract Traditional acting practice treat expenses incurred on procurement, development, and maintenance of human resource as revenue expenditure and debit this to profit and loss account but now it is being increasingly realized that this expenses are incurred to get future benefit and as such should be capitalized and reflected in the balance sheet. This can only be achieved through introduction and implementation of human resource accounting. The study focuses on how human resource accounting has evolved over the period and how human resource accounting is used in today business application particularly in the Indian context. In addition the study also assesses how human resource cost is treated by the accounting standard and try to discuss alternative treatment. Through the study of Indian companies, the paper will propose ways through which human resource accounting can be introduced in India and become more popular than the current application. Introduction The world has witnessed a transition from manufacturing to service based economies. Before 1960s most economies relied on manufacturing sector to sustain growth but the past few decades have witnessed growth in service based economies. The fundamental difference between manufacturing and service sector lies in the nature of their asset. In manufacturing, physical assets like material, plant, equipment and machinery are very important (Johanson and Mabon, 1998). On the other hand for the service sector altitude and knowledge of employee is of utmost significance. For service firm such as information technology (IT), value of physical asset is considered less worth compared to skill and knowledge of its personnel. Similarly, in academic institution, hospital, audit firm, accounting firms etc the strength of the firm depends on skill and services offered rather than physical asset. Therefore the success of service organization depends on the quality of the work force i.e. competence, kn owledge, motivation, and skills. People in the business world today cite human resources as the common greatest asset. However employee value is rarely reported on the financial statements. This may have resulted from capitalist system that tends to glorify capital resources with a lukewarm emphasis on human resources. For this reason management of business enterprises have been rewarded on the basis of their utilization of capital asset without reference to value of workers. In fact business valuation has been a manifestation of this system. The common measurement of return that are used to value business include return on investment, return on asset or return on capital. In these cases there is no reference to the value of human resources. In service based economies it is important for employee to be recognized as part of the total worth of a firm. In estimating the worth of human capital it is vital to employ some method of quantifying human knowledge, skills, motivation and contribution of human aspect in organization process. Human resource accounting represents this process of measuring or quantifying human resource. Definition of human resource Leon. C. Megginson defined human resource as the total knowledge, skills, creative abilities, talent, altitudes and belief of an organization workforces as well as values, altitude and belief of the individuals involved. Definition of human resource accounting One of the definitions of human resource accounting comes from American Accounting Associations Committee on Human Resource Accounting that defines human resource accounting as the process of identifying and measuring data about human resources and communicating this information to interested parties. Therefore human resource accounting involve measurement of all cost associated with recruitment, selection, induction, training and development of workers as well as the economic value of people in a firm. Flamholtz has a similar definition as he define human resource accounting as the measurement and reporting of the cost and value of people in organizational resources. Human resource accounting has also been defined as the system of recording of transactions relating to the value of human resource i.e. the cost of acquisition of their knowledge and utilization of the energy for production of goods and services in the most profitable manner and thereby achieving the organization goals (bassi, et al 1997). In general human resource accounting may be defined as the process of identifying data about human resource, recording investment made in them and measuring their cost and value. It also involves presenting the information in a significant manner in the financial statement to communicate their worth with changes over the period and result obtained from their utilization to users of financial statement. There are no statutory requirements which demand companies to furnish human resource accounting related information in their final statement. The company act of 1956 had no provision for HRA. The subsequent accounting bodies such as Institute of Chartered Accountants of India have not yet drafted standard or measurement dealing with accounting and reporting of human resource accounting. While most organization give qualitative pronouncement on importance of human resource very few make effort to give quantitative information about human resource. Currently some organizations are furnishing additional report beyond what is required by statute. One notable statement that has gained wider acceptance among many firms is the corporate social responsibility report. This is due to recognition that the traditional financial reporting does not give sufficient information about organization performance. In India some companies have recognized the value of human resource and include related inf ormation in their annual report, they include Infosys, steel authority of India (SAIL), Bharat Heavy Electrical ltd (BHEL), Southern Petrochemicals Industries Corporation of India Ltd, Mineral and Metals Trading Corporation of India, Hindustan Zinc Ltd, Associated cement Companies Ltd, Madras Refineries Ltd, Oil India ltd, Oil and Natural Gas Commission, and the Cement Corporation of India (Punita 2007). Historical development of human resource accounting Human resource accounting can be traced back in the medieval European practice of calculating the expected future earning of a prisoner versus the cost of keeping him. At that time a prisoner was considered as the general property of capturing side and therefore after a victory a decision had to be made on whether to capture a prisoner or kill him depending on cost benefit analysis. If expected benefit outweighed the cost the prisoner was capture but if cost were greater than benefit he was killed. For instance in 1964 Sweden and Austria agreed upon the following price list (figures given in taler) Field marshal 20,000 Colonel 1,000 Cavalry captain 200 Infantry captain 150 Non-commissioned officers 16 Private 8 Though this was a rough measure, it highlights the fact that human resource has value and such value can be measured using appropriate basis. Development of human resource accounting as a detailed and systematic activity began in 1960 by Rensis Likert. Likert defends long-term planning by strong pressure on human resources qualitative variable, resulting in greater benefit in the long run. He defined human resource as to include all such assets as a firms human organization, its customers, loyalty, shareholders loyalty, supplier loyalty, its reputation among the financial community and it reputation in the general society (bowers, 1973). William potty made the first attempt to value the human beings in monetary terms. He was of the opinion that labor was the source of wealth and must be taken into consideration when making an estimate of wealth. From 1960s the behavioral scientist started a real work of studying about human resource accounting (Flamholtz, 1969). This development can be dividend into five stages according to Flamholtz. Stage one (1960 1966) during this era there was increased academic interest in the area of human resource accounting. At this time most people focused on deriving human resource accounting concept from other theories such as psychological theory and economic theory of capital. Stage two (1966 1971) at this stage the focus shifted to developing different models for human resource accounting. The model developed covered monetary, non-monetary value and cost of human resource. The objective of developing such model was to help the firm in managing their human resource and assessing human resource asset in a realistic manner. The main contributor to the study at this era was Roger Hermanson. During his ph.D studies, he studied the problem of measuring the value of human resource as an element of goodwill. Thereafter researchers who were inspired by his work continued to develop methods and concepts of accounting for human asset. Stage three (1971 1976) there was rapid growth in research in the area of human resource accounting. The field gain more acceptance and wide spread interest. During this era most researchers tried to evaluate how human resource accounting could be applied in businesses. A notable experiment was that of R.G. Barry which gave substantial contribution to researchers (Boudreau, 1996). Stage four (1976- 1980) during this era there was minimal research in the field of human resource accounting. This was due to the fact that there were complex issues that needed further exploration and deeper empirical research than the simple model developed earlier. The other reason for slow growth in human resource accounting at this time was unwillingness among many organizations to offer sponsorship for research in this area. Stage five (1980 onward) the shifting from manufacturing to service economies in many developed countries renewed the interest in the area of human resource accounting. In addition the realization of the usefulness of human resource in facilitating growth, profitability and survival of the business contributed to the renewal of interest in the field. Unlike in the previous studies where the main interest was academic with few practical application but since 1990s the focus shifted to application of human resource accounting to business management. Various models which incorporate both tangible and intangible asset have been developed to suit the specific need of the organization. At this time most organization began using human resource accounting as part of financial and managerial accounting practice. Objectives of HRA systems Its basically adopted to treat human resources as assets, to generate human data about names, to assign value to human assets in the balance sheet. The objectives include: Provide information for making management decisions about acquiring, allocating, developing and maintaining human resources in order to attain cost effective organization objective. To develop methods of ensuring human resources cost and value and to allow management personnel to monitor effectively the use of human resources. Provide a system of asset control i.e. whether assets are conserved, deflated, or appreciated (Boedker et al 2008). Aid in the development of management principals by classifying the financial consequences of various practices. Develop a theory that will explain the nature and determinants of the value of people to enterprises. Significance of human resource accounting A well defined human resource accounting can help the management to become more efficient, in addition it is useful in internal reporting and to external users of financial statement. Usefulness in internal reporting Helps in planning Human resource cost acting provides cost information required in human resource planning process thereby facilitating preparation of future forecasts and budget (booth 1998). Help in decision making human resource accounting provides data in areas where alternative option exist e.g. whether to acquire a trained employee or develop one from within, or whether to retrench or retain an employee. Instead of applying non-monetary measures of potential ability, the economic value of recruits will be better criteria for selection and optimization of the expected value of the organization human resource and subsequent valuation of adequacy of return on investment in human resource. Helps in capital budgeting the present technique used in capital budgeting decision consider the human dimension as a qualitative factor. This is not realistic in the present scenario where huge investment is being made in development of employees and therefore human resource accounting system would justly assess the impact of capital budgeting on human and non-human asset. Helps in control human resource accounting help to ensure that human resource objective are attained objectively and efficiently as it provide information necessary to implement the control function. The standard cost of acquisition and development is compared with actual cost incurred and the variance if any is analyzed to identify the possible lapses in personnel management function (Scarpello and Theeke, 1989). Helps in performance evaluation the present convention of measurement of return on investment ignores the changes in human resources and this encourages mangers to use their human resource to include their short term objective. Inclusion of human resource input would be a good performance measure as it would reveal the return on human asset. It helps in activity analysis measurement of human resource value would provide top management with new set of financial ratio for effective organization activities analysis e.g. ratio of human and non-human resources indicate the degree of labor intensity. Higher labor intensity could be used as a result of outdated technology requiring the utilization of high proportion of labor or employment of unwarranted existing labor (Tang, 2005). Usefulness in external reporting In business creditors and other external users of acting information would find data in human resource useful as it would measure change in asset value over period of time thereby reflecting the correct measure of corporate growth. Capitalization of expenses relating to development of human resource also reflects a correct financial position and performance of the organization. The market value of share may reflect changes in value of human resource thereby enhancing the companys image among the competitors while increasing the confidence of shareholders. Usefulness in management of human resources Acquisition of human resource human resource accounting provide information for budget preparation for cost involved in recruiting, selecting and hiring human resource. Besides in selection process personnel executive needs data about economic value of a candidate in order to choose the one with the highest economic value. Allocation of human resource human resource accounting provide quantitative information about capabilities, skills and other personal attribute of employee which will help management in attaining a perfect allocation of organization human resources whereby employees are assigned jobs perfectly matching their own abilities in order to fully utilize their skills and capabilities. Maintenance of human resource presently organization use turnover rates to measure the extent of human resource observation. However such parameters are not adequate as they do not fully reflect the impact of turnover. With inclusion in human resource accounting the management may monitor the investment cost through human resource replacement cost which provides the economic magnitude of turnover rate as well (Drake, 1997). Evaluation and reward for employees as human resource accounting can provide management with changes in value of human resources over time both in monetary and non-monetary term, the figures will not only make possible the determination of salary and wages on the basis of employees value but will also provide a criterion to both the management and unions in negotiating any increases in compensation and reward payment. Training of human resource organization invests heavily on human resource development program without evaluating expected payoff of return because this outlay cost is considered as expenses rather than investment. Since human resource accounting involves treating this expense as asset the information about this cot and the benefit of this program would be evaluated on a rational basis. Case for and against human resource accounting Argument against human resource accounting Incase of high employee turnover rates there may be no basis for capitalization since there is no future benefits to carry asset status. If the definition of asset is future economic benefits the rights of which are owned or controlled by the firm then one may question whether human resources indeed are assets. Unless one is working in a slave society human resource are not owned in the convectional sense of the world, and therefore employees may be opposed to the capitalization because of the connotations that goes with it. The development of human resource accounting is necessary to provide a firm with accurate financial reports to guide its decisions. Its also needed to increase the validity of criteria of measurements used in organizations research. According to asset recognition criteria, an asset is the future economic benefits the rights of which are owned or controlled by an enterprise. Therefore as long as future benefits are expected to come from these training costs, they can be treated as assets. However, as Cea Garcia observes, this does not hold true in reality; There is a clear absence of correspondence between the real assets in the present firms and those recognized in the balance sheet, in front of a pure economic approach where assets is every instrument or way that can be used in production -distribution of a firms process or, in general, every category of economic value which can be transformed into goods or services or any instrument at the service of the firm or that the firm uses, regardless its juridical state, and also all those goods and rights that the firm does not own now but used to own or will own later on, by virtue of collateral contracts or agreement which may induce it. It may be argued that the rate of amortization and the rate of capitalization may coincide and therefore the net effect on the income statement may be as under convection human resources cost expense treatment. The period with which the employee will work for the enterprise is uncertain and therefore the amortization is subjective. Marvin Weiss (1972) discussed the argument for and against Human Resources Accounting argue that there is inability to determine the period of future benefits, the ownership status of such assets and inability to amortize such assets on an objective way. As Ebersberger (1981) argues, even where the logic of HRA is a plausible one must confront the issue of measurement. How does one place a value on an individuals head? How can one value commitment to an employer or ones ability to work as a team. The management may use human resource accounting to manipulate the workers. The manager may reduce the value of a worker as a way of punishment for perceived or real differences. There is an immense amount of power placed in the hands of the valuers of human resource. Any value placed on an employee may have irreparable damage on employees attitude. Managers may also transfer some workers near the end of the period to clean up their balance sheet. Employee may demand to be paid in accordance to their reported value particularly if they believe this would lead to a higher pay HRA may have a disastrous effect on the morale of the employee if his or her value reduces through depreciation. Moreover human beings grow, learn and mature at different rates and therefore a standard depreciation rate is inapplicable. Case for Human Resource Accounting Whereas there may be workers turnover, this may not be justification for expensing the cost of human resources. Failure to capitalize may negate the going concern concept. If an employer were to expect such high turnover then he would not incur expenditure on employee training and development in the first place! On average it is expected that workers will remain long enough for the firm to recoup its investment costs. Workers may not be owned as such but the convention of substance over form argues that what matters in transaction is the economic substance not the legal form. Leased assets are recognized in the books despite the fact that they are not owned. Human resource expenditure like training and development are incurred for workers who are in the process of learning and therefore they do not benefit the operations of the year in which the costs are incurred. For that reason it is inconsistency for charging such costs in the year of expenditure. Instead they should be capitalized and amortised over the years expected to benefit from the employees services. In pension cost accounting armotisation or accrual of expenditure related to employees is required. Such accrual methods take into consideration length of service and turnover rates. Whereas it is agreeable that armotisation rate are subjective, it must be noted that depreciation rates for the tangible assets are mere estimates based on assumptions. It is therefore no justification to prohibit capitalization and armotisation of human resource expenditure. Measurements in human resource accounting The main reason why human resource accounting have taken a long period to be incorporated in the companys final report is the difficulty or challenge of assigning monetary value to various human asset cost, investment and employees worth. There are mainly two methods that are used in assigning monetary value to employee cost, investment or worth. This includes: the cost approach the economic value approach The cost approach is based on the actual cost incurred by the company in relation with employees. The economic value approach considers human resource as asset and tries to identify the future earning resulting from use of human asset. The cost approach Cost is the amount of cash or equivalent given to acquire property or services. If property other than cash is given to acquire property or services the cost is the cash equivalent of property given. When property or the services acquired are sold or consumed the cost are matched with related revenue to determine the amount of net income or net loss. The cost of property or service that are acquired and are still on hand at any particular time represent asset. Such costs are also called unexpired cost. As asset are sold or consumed they become expired cost or expenses. Therefore in accounting cost incurred are recorded in the financial statement as either asset or expenses. Costs which are recorded as expenses in the current period include those which provide benefit during the current accounting period (Schwarz Murphy, 2008). for instance when machinery is purchased the portion of cost recorded as expenses include depreciation for the year (i.e. the benefit accruing from the use of asset in that particular year) while the portion of cost recorded as asset in the net book value (cost accumulated depreciation). Under costing approach various techniques that can be used to value human resource include Historical cost approach The actual cost incurred on recruiting, selecting, training and developing the human resources of the organization are capitalized and written off over the expected useful life of the human resource. Under this method the cost of acquisition i.e. recruitment, selection, hiring and training employees are capitalized and written off over the expected useful life of the employees (Flamholtz, 1999). If the employee decide to leave the employment before anticipated period of service then the amortized portion of cost remaining in the companys book is written off against the profit and loss account in that year. If the employee stays beyond the expected term of service then amortization of cost is rescheduled. According to Caplan (1974) the basic theory behind the historical cost method is that human resources value can be determined by accumulating the cost of investment. Human resource accounting in this respect involves a decision to capitalize rather than to expense costs incurred in t raining and development of employees. When referring to training cost, historical cost means the sacrifice necessary to hire and train people. The training concept is generally used to define three different issues which are difficult to distinguish in practice; they include capacitating, training, and development. Capacitating is the workers acquisition of knowledge and skills necessary for his job. Training better adapts the worker to the job while development mainly focuses on promotion to higher job levels (Guzman 1996). Once capitalized the resulting balance should be amortized as an expense in the periods when the employee became a productive member of the organization and unamortized balances should be written off when the employee leaves the organization. Merits Easy to work and simple to understand. It follows the traditional concept of matching cost with revenue. It is favored because it is most similar to convectional accounting It can provide a basis of evaluating a companys return on its investment in human resources. Limitations Suffers from problem of historical costs accounting. The users of accounts may view these values as a measure of the potential usefulness of an employee. Difficulty in estimating use of human resources. One cannot tell when an employee may quit a job. The economic value of human resources may increase with experience, but armotisation reduces the reported value. It is difficult to reconcile the two. Ignores the aggregate value of employees potential services. People may learn things outside the organization which will be useful in their jobs yet these may not be taken in account. Training and development cost that are capitalized do not guarantee employee increased performance. Opportunity cost approach The value of the human resource is determined according to its alternative use. An estimate of alternative use of the human resource is required. The value of the human resource is the price that the alternative use is ready to pay for it. Opportunity costs are considered as an asset value when [they are] the target of an alternative use [Hekimian and Jones, 1967]. The alternative use is the alternative department. As a result, only scarce resources would have an alternative use. This approach suggests competitive bidding for scarce employees in an organization i.e. opportunity costs of employees linked to scarcity. The approach proposes the capitalizing of additional earning potential of each human resource within the company. The opportunity cost approach requires at least two departments or cost centers both desiring the services of the same person or a group of people. Limitations It cannot value employees who have no alternative use. The valuation of employees on alternative use and competitive bid is inaccurate and misleading. One may not have values in the alternative use but perfectly useful in one department. This valuation restricts alternative use within the organization. In real life there is alternative use outside the business and moreover alternative use within the business may not be identifiable because of constraints in an organizational environment. Standard cost approach The method was developed by David Watson. The approach advocates for a standard cost per grade of employees updated every year. Replacement cost can be used to develop standard costs of recruiting, training and developing individuals. Such standards can be used to compare results with those planned. Any resource produced should be analyzed and would form a useful basis of control. Under this method, standard cost of recruiting, hiring, training and developing per grade of employees are determined annually. The total standard cost for all personnel of the company is the value of human resources The problem is that the determination of the standard cost from each grade of employee is a ticklish process (Moore, 2007). Economic value added approach This approach utilizes the concept of present value. The value of human resource is considered as the present value of future benefit expected to be received from employees service (Lev and Schwartz, 1971). Various scholars have suggested a number of valuation techniques under the present value approach. The technique varies in terms of recognition of benefits. Some argue that the benefits to be discounted are the expected stream of payments that the firm will make to the human resource. In either case the human resource in it is seen as a future stream of benefits up to the date of death or retirement, discounted at an appropriate discount rate. This method is perhaps the most appealing because it incorporates the entire stream of benefits. However, present value approach suffers from the following limitations It ignores the possibility of a human resource leaving employment in the given organization other than through death or retirement. Having many reasons as to why people may leave an organization. Difficult to establish the actual benefits from employment because some of the determining factors like trade unions are out of organizations control. Teamwork is a thing more than the sum of the values of individuals. Present value approach does not reflect the contribution of the team as a whole. It ignores the organizations effect on the value of a human resource. The economic value of human resources may be of group, individual or the whole organization. The method for calculating economic value of human resource may be classified as either monetary or non monetary Monetary measures of human resource value Flamholtz model The Flamholtz model considers the value of human resource as the present worth of services likely to be rendered by an employee in future. When an employee moves from one position to the other at the same level or to different levels the profile of services offered will be different. The value of individual will therefore comprise of the present cumulative value of all possible services to be offered by the employee his career at the organization. The value of individual cannot be determined with certainty and is considered to have two dimensions. Conditional value of individual This is the amount that organization expects to realize from employee service during his productive life in the firm. It is mainly composed of three factors namely Productivity this include various services that employee is expected to undertake in his current position. Transferability this include a number of services that the employee is expected to offer in different position at the same level.